The Phaistos Disk Revisited - LexiLine Journal 289

Steve Burdic has sent me the following link
http://www.boardgamesindex.htm

writing his comment as follows,

>Andis;
>
>This is an interesting treatment of the Phaistos Disk. It compares
>the disk to some ancient (and modern) board games and says the
>meaning is astronomical.
>
>Thank you for posting your work-up on the Phaistos Disk. It pulled
many things together for me.
>
>Best Regards,
>
>Steve Burdic

Here is my reply,

Dear Steve,

As you have referred to the posting, my entire decipherment of the Phaistos Disk is available online at http://www.andiskaulins.com/publications/phaistos/phaistos.htm
http://snipurl.com/78zt as a scan of my book: The Phaistos Disc: Hieroglyphic Greek with Euclidean Dimensions - The "Lost Proof" of Parallel Lines" - by Andis Kaulins, Copyright © 1980

You can be sure that if the symbols were astronomical in nature, I would have been the first to have found that out. I look for astronomy first in all ancient sources.

However, the symbols are nothing more than the precursors of later Linear A (a language similar to Turkish) and Linear B (ancient Greek).

Of course, as you have discovered, Steve, the mathematical lemma on the disk was surely used for astronomical calculations, but that is a different matter. The SYMBOLS are syllabic hieroglyphs.

I probably should spend some time and do a write-up showing how the symbols on the Phaistos Disk precede Linear B and Linear A. For example, Michael Ventris in his decipherment of Linear B occasionally has several "variants" for the same syllabic value, but has left out the diphthongs altogether, which account for numerous "extra" symbols, for example, not just ra- but also rai- are symbols in Linear B, according to my research. Ventris also ignored some affricates.

There is no question that my decipherment of the Phaistos Disk is correct - but once I decipher something, I pretty much lose interest in it. Others spend their time marketing their erroneous solutions and are thereby often successful since the mass of men are not competent to decide who is right and who is wrong. However, my life is too valuable to spend my time hawking my work. Rather, in that time I can be doing new things.

The link you sent me is a good example - lots of marketing and sales, but no substance. You see, if the symbols on the disk were astronomical, then we would have similar precursor symbols on megaliths etc. of this nature, but there is nothing.

On the contrary, we have numerous symbols in the most ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs which are identical or nearly identical to those found on the Phaistos Disk. They are language hieroglyphs.

Perhaps the Phaistos Disk is the oldest surviving remnant of the days in which Cadmos brought "letters" from Egypt to Greece, as related in ancient legend. Obviously, such letters would not have been the alphabet of today, but would have been Egyptian-like hieroglyphs, subsequently adapted to the Greek language - and that is what the Phaistos Disk represents.

Unfortunately, the ancient Greeks did not write in stone but on the bark of trees and in beeswax - which would suggest that at the time of Cadmos, paper (papyrus) would not have been invented yet - otherwise the invention would have been copied, but it was not. These bark and beeswax sources are long destroyed. Even the Phaistos Disk survives only because it was "baked" by the fires that destroyed Minoan Civilization.

In any case, until corroborating material is found on Crete, i.e. more samples of writing using these hieroglyphs, no decipherment will nor can be accepted, because there is simply no way to prove who is right. When we have more texts of this nature, then proof will be easy. Until then, each year brings new "decipherments" of the Phaistos Disk, one more improbable than the next.

Enjoy, Andis

Pharaonic Egyptian Hieroglyphs 1 - The Vowels - Matres Lectionis - LexiLine Journal 288

The current view of the Egyptian hieroglyphs is that they contained no "vowels". Although this is true in terms of "modern" vowels as used to separate consonants, the Egyptian hieroglyphs do in fact have symbols for vowel-type sounds which did not function as "vowels" per se but which represented separate language elements as specific sounds.

New File Added to our Egypt Files

To our LexiLine files at Yahoo Groups at
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/LexiLine/files/Egypt/
I have added the file pharaonicvowels.png:


showing my decipherment of the ancient Old Kingdom Pharaonic Egyptian vowel-sound system.

Decipherment of the Vowel-Sound System of Ancient Egypt

This decipherment is the beginning of my correction of the mainstream transcriptions, transliterations and interpretations of the hieroglyphs. Mainstream work contains many, many errors.

In the early days of the Pharaonic Egyptian hieroglyphs, the ancients did not yet have our words or specific concepts for "vowel" or "consonant".

Indeed, even in modern times, a thing like "vowels" is a complicated subject. See e.g. Louis Goldstein of Yale University [currently at USC] and his writings on "vowel theory" at
http://artphon.usc.edu/LG/CV.php

Yet, in order to devise a written language, the ancients had to have some primitive "linguistic" understanding of sound and its connection to symbols in order to devise a workable writing system.

I have discovered how that Pharaonic "vowel" system worked.

Mater Lectionis (singular) - Early vowels in the Hebrew Alphabet

The Pharaonic "vowels" show that the Egyptian hieroglyphs were the DIRECT predecessor system to what is know as the matres lectionis (plural) of the Hebrew alphabet in which Aleph is mostly an A, He mostly an A, Waw mostly an O or a U and Jod mostly I, E or AE.

The Linguistics of Sound and Vowel Theory

Mater lectionis derives out of the limited number of ways in which vowels can be formed by human speech. See the Wikipedia Online at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matres_lectionis

Early Vowel Theory

As Goldstein notes at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matres_lectionis -

Indian grammarians as early as the 7th century already divided vowels into three distinct types:
(1) palatal (so-called "mouth vowels")
(2) labio-velar (so-called "lip vowels")
(3) pharyngeal (so-called "throat vowels")

Modern Vowel Theory

Modern linguistics has expanded this list to four types of vowels:
(1) palatal ("mouth vowels")
(2) velar ("lip vowels")
(3) uvular ("tongue vowels")
(4) pharyngeal ("in the throat")

The Egyptian Vowel-Type Hieroglyphs mark Vowel Sounds

What we have discovered in the most ancient Pharaonic Egyptian hieroglyphs is that their makers recognized four qualities of vowel-type sounds - and consciously selected homophonic (same-sounding) symbols to mark these sounds - sounds which are similar in function to modern linguistic vowel theory, but of course not as advanced in their nature 5000 years ago.

These four vowel-type sounds in ancient Egypt were:

1. The Breath Sound - the "LEAF, reed LEAF" Hieroglyph
2. The Throat Sound - the "EAGLE" (vulture) Hieroglyph
3. The Nasal Sound - the "CHICKEN" Hieroglyph
4. The Palatal Sound - the "BENT ARM" Hieroglyph

In order to represent these "vowel-types" with symbols, the makers of the hieroglyphs - on the basis of the evidence of the Indo-European language, e.g. on the basis of Latvian lexical comparisons, selected symbols which were pronounced similarly - i.e. were homophonic - to the vowel sound description.

The Four Pairs of Homophonic Hieroglyphs and Vowel Sound Functions

The following four pairs of words are homophonic in Latvian - and fit the Egyptian hieroglyphs perfectly. I find that these same homophonic pairs are found clearly in the Egyptian hieroglyphs:

1. ALPA (whence ALPHA) viz. ELPA "breath" and LAPA viz. VARPA "leaf, ear" whence also VARPATA "couch-grass, dog grass". (Note that the later alphabet used the steer symbol for Alpha, a steer in Latvian being LUOP, also a word homophonic to ALPA. In ancient Old Kingdom Egypt, the "leaf" or "reed leaf" symbol thus represented the "breath sound" in the ancient hieroglyphs.

2. IERIKLIS ("in the throat") and ERGLIS "eagle" (vulture in Egypt). The "eagle" viz. "vulture" symbol thus represented the "throat sound" in the ancient hieroglyphs.

3. UOSTA ("smell, smeller, of the nose") and VISTA "chicken". The "chicken" symbol thus represented a "nasal sound" in the ancient hieroglyphs.

4. ROKA ("bent, arm") and LOKA "bent, pliable, flexible", supple"). The "bent arm" thus represented a "palatal (bent) sound" in the ancient hieroglyphs. Even today LOCISHANA in Latvian is applied as a word in linguistics, applying to declension and conjugation.

Consequence of the Hieroglyphic "Vowel-Sound" Discovery

This above discovery now permits us to recognize that the hieroglyphs were not just chance symbols selected at random or because of religious or other considerations, but were selected primarily for their pronounced SOUND as being similarly sounding - homophonic - to an intended linguistic sound FUNCTION.

Accordingly, we will expect a similar intelligence and rational reasoning to be at work in the formulation of the the remainder of the hieroglyphs, also for the "consonants" (which - as wel will see - were seen combined with vowel sounds). Even though the ancients did not have the precise equivalent concept of "consonant" in ancient days, they recognized similar sounds.

An explanation of the hieroglyphs of the ancient Egyptian "alphabet" will soon be forthcoming.

Indo-European Roots and Latvian I - LexiLine Journal 287

The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 4th edition, which is reproduced at
http://www.bartleby.com/61/ contains an up-to-date list of Indo-European roots.

That same source has an article on "Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans" by Calvert Watkins at http://www.bartleby.com/61/8.html

To illustrate how close Latvian is lexically to proto-Indo-European, I just went through Watkins 7-page article and listed those hypothetical Indo-European roots (marked with an asterisk *) which are identical or nearly identical with Latvian. Most linguists do NOT know this kind of basic information about Latvian at all - they are incredibly ignorant and closed-minded in their own field, wallowing mostly in Greek and Latin and not paying attention to the evidence.

mainstream hypothetical
Indo-European Roots compared with still existing Latvian language

*do "give" = Latvian do (pronounced duo)
*ed "eat" = Latvian ed (Hittite ed-)
*ped "foot" = Latvian ped-
*es and *bheua- "expressing existence" = Latvian es ("I") esu ("am"),
bij-, bija "was"
*sen "old" = Latvian sen
*yeu- "youth" = Latvian jau-ns ("young")
*tu "you" = Latvian tu
*nes- "we" = Latvian mes
*yu- "you" = Latvian ju(s)
*persistent pronomial stems *to- and *ko = Latvian to and ko
*me- "measure" = Latvian me(r)
*sawel "Sun" = Latvian saule
*ster- "star" = Latvian stari "rays of light"
*aus- "East, to shine" = Latvian aus-trumi "East" aus-t "rise"
*nekt- "night" = Latvian nakt-
*sneigh "snow" = Latvian snieg
*deiw "divine bright sky, deus, God, Zeus" - Latvian diev-
*s(t)ena "thunder" = Latvian sitiena "strike, of a peal of thunder
*and lightning"
*dhghem- "earth" = Latvian zem- (dhgh = zh)
*ere "row" = Latvian aire
*ghwer "wild animal" = Latvain zver-
*vlko- "wolf" = Latvian vilku "of the wolf"
*wlp "fox" = Latvian lap-sa
*dhghu "fish" = Latvian zivu- "of the fish" (dhgh = zh)
*bhei "bee" = Latvian bi-te (also in ancient Egyptian bi-te)
*medhu "mead" = Latvian med- "honey"
*wi-ro "man" = Latvian vir-
*man "person" = Latvian man "mine, for me, for the self"
*mer- "to die" = Latvian mir-
*kerd- "heart" = Latvian sird-
*yek-r "liver" = Latvian ak-na
*s(w)e "self" = Lativan sev, sava
*mela "grinding" = Latvian mala
*egna "fire" = Latvian ugun, ugunis Latin ignis
*dhwer- "door" = Latvian dur- (Latvian caur, pronounced tsaur
= "through")
*nobh - "nobh" = Latvian naba
*kel-o "revolve, wheel" = Latvian cel-o "travel, road"
*wegh "vehicle transport" = Latvian vaga "rut"
*men- "mind" = Latvian min "mention", at-min "remember",
at-mina "memory"
reg- "tribal king" = Latvian rik-uo "lead, organize"
*legh- "law" = Latvian liek- "to set down", lik-ums "law,
lieg-t "forbid, prohibit", lik-t "bid, command"
Latin lex (Latvian legts "decided")

numbers (but these are pretty uniform in all Indo-European tongues)
*dwo = Latvian divi
*trei = Latvian tri(s)
*ketwer = Latvian chetri
*penke = Latvian pieci
*seks = Latvian sesh-
*septm = Latvian septin-
*okto(u) = Latvian asto-
*newn = Latvian dev-n-
*dekm = Latvian desm-

More on Indo-European roots will be forthcoming. Many hypothetical Indo-European roots are faulty, and we will be correcting them. Also some of the roots given above are not accurate and we will show where the errors have been made.

Indo-European Roots - Sources - LexiLine Journal 286

>Hi, Andis - Following the Wipipedia link, I ran into this one on
>Root Words for Indo-European languages.

>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indo-European_roots

>Do any of these look Latvian to you?

>Thanks,
>Ina Mitchell

Dear Ina,

Your Wikipedia link points to alleged Indo-European roots in Pokorny, who is regarded by mainstream linguists to be an important source, although Pokorny's 1959 Indogermanisches Wörterbuch is outdated.

A list of sources on (proto)Indo-European is found at the Indo-European Lexicon at the University of Texas Linguistics Research Center
http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/ielex/index.html
where it is written:

"Our project goal is to produce a large, heavily indexed collection of Indo-European (IE) "reflex" words having their inferred etymological origins in the reconstructed ancestral language Proto-Indo-European (PIE)."

The best easily available source for current mainstream views of Indo-European roots is the section "Indo-European Roots" in the appendices of various American Heritage dictionaries.

An up-to-date list of Indo-European roots is found online in The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 4th edition, which is reproduced at http://www.bartleby.com/61/

Important to read there for starters is the article "Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans" by Calvert Watkins at http://www.bartleby.com/61/8.html as well Indo-European Sound Correspondences http://www.bartleby.com/61/indoeuro.html and of course
The Indo-European Roots Index at http://www.bartleby.com/61/IEroots.html

Many of these alleged Indo-European Roots are correct, many are incorrect, and I will be getting into a detailed discussion of them in coming e-mails.

Enjoy,

Andis

Bengt Hemtun on the Ancient World - LexiLine Journal 285

Bengt Hemtun started an excellent website on "ancient ideas, megaliths, rock-carvings, rituals"
at http://freepages.history.rootsweb.com/~catshaman/
which is now found and updated at his new domain
http://www.catshaman.com/index1.htm

It is really well worth a read.

Hemtun has also started a Yahoo discussion group at
the oldworld_ideas group at
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/oldworld_ideas/

[You might want to join that list as also our LexiLine list - Andis.]

What is Agglutination in Linguistics? - Language Structures in Estonian vs. Latvian Maja - House - Words for Colors - Property - LexiLine Journal 284

Bob Sand inquires as follows:

>Subj: Baltic languages agglutinative
>Date: 6/9/2004 3:14:15 PM Eastern Daylight Time
>From: bob sand <bad_sand2000@yahoo.com>
>To: LexiLine-owner@yahoogroups.com
>Sent from the Internet (Details)

>Are Baltic languages agglutinative? I was just thinking since they
are similar to Sumerian >and Akkadian and them being agglutinative,
then the Baltic languages are agglutinative.
>Can you answer that question?

The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language defines agglutination in linguistics
see http://www.bartleby.com/61/2/A0140200.html as:

"The formation of words from morphemes that retain their original forms and meanings with little change during the combination process."

An example in English would be the forming of the word likeness from "like", by pasting "like" and "-ness" together. A similar example in English would be the glued on "-ance" in "inherit+ance" or "import+ance" or "maintain+ance", or the many -tion or -sion endings following words such as deci(de)+sion, exclamation, (exclaim+tion), and yes, even agglutination or inflection.

That same dictionary defines inflection in linguistcs see (http://www.bartleby.com/61/19/I0131900.html) as

"An alteration of the form of a word by the addition of an affix, as
in English dogs from dog, or by changing the form of a base, as in
English spoke from speak, that indicates grammatical features such
as number, person, mood, or tense.

The drawing of a strict dividing line between so-called agglutinative and inflected languages is a comfortable fiction of modern linguistics which is generally subject to the critique that foolish consistencies are the hobgoblin of little minds.

See http://www.fact-index.com/i/in/inflected_language.html

Latvian, just as English, has both agglutinative and inflected elements, which is not surprising, given its near neighborhood to Estonia. As is written at
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonian_language

"Estonian is not, as is sometimes thought, in any way related to its nearest geographic neighbors, Latvian and Lithuanian, which are Baltic languages, but is related to Finnish, spoken on the other side of the Gulf of Finland, and Hungarian. It is not true, however, that the northern dialects of Estonian are sufficiently similar to Finnish for the two to be mutually intelligible...

Typologically, Estonian represents a transitional form from an agglutinating language to an inflected language.

Let us compare the word māja, which is "house" both in Latvian and Estonian (maja).

A yellow house in Estonian is kollane maja
A yellow house in Latvian is dzeltene maja viz. dzeltena maja
[The Nostratic root of koll- and dzel- will be the same]
The illative (locative case meaning "into") agglutinative in Estonian
in the case of the yellow house is formed by saying
kollasesse majasse
whereas the inflected locative in Latvian is formed by lengthening the final vowel
dzeltenā mājā
but also possible in Latvian is an agglutinative-like
dzeltenāsi mājās(i), which then of course looks like the Estonian.

Note that the colors (COL-ors) in Latvian [which are the words]
ZIL, ZAL, DZELT, ZELT
for blue, green, yellow and gold
are hardly differentiated,
showing a very old language status,
which of course is cognate to Estonian KOLL-,
and surely cognate with the English world COL-or.

Essentially, agglutinative means that isolated words are glued together for grammar whereas inflected means that words (especially word endings) are changed in form to reflect grammar.

A good example here is the Latvian word manta "property, thing owned" (also meaning "toy").

According to current erroneous mainstream linguistic analysis, Latvian manta is seen to consist of a root stem mant- meaning property plus the nominative inflected ending -a.

But of course, this view of [modern] mainstream linguistics is totally wrong.

As Franz Bopp, the founder of comparative linguistics, suggested more than 150 years ago - to the still deaf and ignorant ears and minds of modern linguists - inflection at the ends of words in Indo-European derives from the [agglutinative] affixation of isolated pronouns or other elements to other words.

In Latvian man- means "mine, to me, for me" and ta is a pronoun meaning "that". Hence the Latvian word manta "property" is actually made up of the components of man- and -ta as MAN.TA "mine that".

The same is true for the plural mantas, which is MAN.TAS [man- plus tās] "mine those".

We also see the English-based -sion or -tion ending (in Latvian as shini, shani, shana - very much like Akkadian and Hebrew) in the Latvian word mantošana (pronounced mantoshana), i.e. MAN.DUO.SHANA, meaning "inheritance", i.e. "me - give - that" viz. "mine - give - that".

Logically, Latvian mantota "inherited" is MAN.DO.TA "mine - given- that" viz. "me - give - that". There is - strictly speaking - no root "mant-" in Latvian meaning property, contrary to the opinions of modern linguists.

What modern linguists see as Latvian inflection is the product of previous agglutination.

Much more on ancient languages will be forthcoming on LexiLine. - Andis

Basque and Ogam - LexiLine Journal 283

>From: keith dennis <xskeeter2001@yahoo.com>
>To: LexiLine-owner@yahoogroups.com
>Sent from the Internet (Details)

>Thank you for posting this; discussions about language and tracing man's path across the earth by means of are topics of great interest.

>it reminds me of another language of great antiquity: that of the Basque.

>I was wondering if you have read the Edo Nyland on the subject of the Basque language, its links to Ogam, and some of his even wackier ideas?

>As a Lexiline lurker, let me also say i appreciate what you do, and enjoy reading the emails.

>thanks,

>kd

Keith,

I found this link to the work of Edo Nyland, about whom I know nothing.
http://www.livejournal.com/community/linguaphiles/2004/03/26/

The Linguaphiles Journal is a community discussion group; see
http://www.livejournal.com/userinfo.bml?user=linguaphiles

I do not know enough about the group to pass any judgment.

Andis

More on How Old are the Baltic Languages? Latvian, Latin and Italian - LexiLine Journal 282

>Dear Andis,
>You have written "since the actual root AUG had disappeared from Latin".
>Since is an adverb and in Italian is =
> - da
> - da allora in poi
> - da quando
> - dal tempo in cui
> - dal momento che.
>So I think that there is a discrepancy as it is impossible the name
>of the
>emperor AUGUSTUS may disappear.
>Cordialit
>enrico

Dear Enrico,

Of course you are right - aug has not totally disappered as such, but it is no longer the single word aug "grow" in Latin [as it is still in Latvian]. Rather, as you say it has been transformed in Latin - witness the name Augustus - of course, this is a name drawn after the harvest season,
August, the month of highest growth.

We also find aug- in the term augment or even in our modern eBay "auction", that term deriving according to my dictionary from the Latin auctio (compare Latvian aukshejuo "the highest") and
augere, but of course we see that "aug" is the root. I would even venture a guess that our word for the mighty "oak" is also from "aug" as the tallest northern tree. Here in fact, English has retained the word better than in Latvian, where the Latvian term for oak is ozols which is already a change from auglis.

It is thus surely NOT the case that Latvian or Lithuanian will always have retained the oldest form of a word. But on the whole, the vocabulary - i.e. the lexical component - is very old.

What we do see however are grievous errors in mainstream linguistics among the classical linguists.

Let us take the word accelerate which the linguists tell us derives from some alleged prefix ad- plus celer "swift". This of course is linguistic nonsense. "Accelerate" derives from "aug" (increase) plus Latin celer "swift", i.e. "to increase swiftness".

There are a host of words beginning with acc- in Latin which are strangely alleged to derive from the prefix ad- (!) plus a root, for example words like accrete, accrue, accumulate, accolade. Such terms in fact derive from the agglutination, i.e. the pasting together of the root of aug- plus another word.

The root aug- is also at the root of many terms beginning with ag - or agg- in Latin and English. Just think of AGRI-culture (aug- growth), agglomerate (mass together, increase), aggravate (make worse, increase something), aggregate, yes, even agglutination, the topic of the next posting.

All of the allegations by the Latin scholars that these terms go back to some mythical root ad- are simply wrong, it is "aug-". Latvian tells us that clearly, Latin does not. There is nothing wrong with this, Latin is simply a more modern language and has evolved more over the millennia than Latvian has. That is all.

Latin - the learned language of Italy - as a term is merely Latvian with the weak "v" lost.

How did this happen? According to legend, the Lydians (very similar name to Latvian and Latin) brought writing and the language to Etruscan Rome from Anatolia, where Luwian (Lutwian = Latvian?) presumably became Latin, which then mixed with the local dialects to give us that wonderful language we today know as Italian.

How Old are the Baltic Languages? - LexiLine Journal 281

In a message dated 8.6.2004 01:14:48 Westeuropäische Normalzeit,
bad_sand2000@yahoo.com writes:

>What does it mean that "the lexical origin of words can be
>reconstructed in the Latvian Language without recourse to any other
>source or languages. What does it mean that Latvian is an original
>language. Does this mean that all protolanguages can be
>reconstruced in the Baltic languages? Does this mean that the
>Baltic languages can be considered the Proto-World language? I am
>just curious and write back soon.

Here is my answer:

I think the Baltic languages - and this is acknowledged by mainstream linguists - are very archaic. Indeed, and here is the novelty of my claim, I find that Latvian and Lithuanian are so archaic that these languages - in my opinion - still pretty much represent the Indo-European language as much of Europe must have spoken it thousands of years ago. Take a look at a comparison of the Latvian and ancient Hittite (1500 BC) word declensions for "water" at
http://www.lexiline.com/lexiline/lexi16.htm

Moreover, I find I need no recourse to any other language to derive the roots of words - these are easily found within the language itself.

Example: Latvian "zeme" is "earth" and "zem" means "down, below".

Another example: the Latvian word "aug" meaning "grow" is a root alleged to be original in Indo-European even by the mainstream linguists and has many cognates in Latvian, e.g. "augums" meaning "stature, physical size", or "augli" meaning "fruits, the growth of the fields and the harvest", and augsts ("high, tall"). All of these can be traced to the root word aug (by the way, we have this word in English as "high" and in German as "hoch"). I need not go to Latin augere "to increase" (whence English grow) to find the root aug, it is already located in the Latvian language. Quite the contrary, Latin can go to the Latvian to find the root for augere since the actual root AUG had disappeared from Latin.

The list is endless. There is no need in Latvian to look to Greek or Latin or any other language for the roots of these words.

Ancient Lower Egypt Nome 6 - LexiLine Journal 280

For the Ancient Nomes of Egypt, see also
Lower Egypt Nome 6 http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/geo/nomel6.html (in English)
and Egyptian Nomes http://www.meritneith.de/gaue.htm (in German)

Starting with this posting I shall begin to add material to the previous postings on the Nomes of Egypt as hermetic geodetic astronomy ["As above, so below"]. As the present posting does, I will now discuss only one nome at a time as a new separate post.

At my Ancient Egypt Weblog at http://ancientegyptweblog.blogspot.com I will also add this material to the comprehensive detail postings previously published
for the Lower Egypt Nomes
http://ancientegyptweblog.blogspot.com/2004/05/nomes-of-egypt-and-astronomy-e-lower.htm
and the Upper Egypt Nomes
http://ancientegyptweblog.blogspot.com/2004/05/nomes-of-egypt-and-astronomy-d-upper.htm
... [see also The Nomes of Egypt and Astronomy Identifed and
The Map of the Nomes of Egypt by Astronomy]

UPDATE to Lower Egypt Nome 6:
"V" of Horns of Lupus, H3sww, "mountain bull".

This is the area of sky where the stars of Lupus (Indo-European, e.g. Latvian lops, lopis (luopis) "animal, beast, cattle, livestock") and Centaurus meet.

The Centaur was the ancient Minoan bull, the Minotaur, and also "on the Euphrates it was considered a complete Bull", see Richard Hinckley Allen (RHA), Star Names, pp. 150-151 (Lupus made up the head and horns).

The capital city of the sixth lower nome is Buto, also called Tell el-Fara'in (Farain), Uto, Edjo, Wadjet (Per-Wadjet) or Wadjit
see http://www.dainst.org/index_52_en.html (de)
http://www.egyptsites.co.uk/lower/delta/central/farain/farain.html
http://www.ancient-egypt.org/glossary/religion/uto.html
http://snipurl.com/6v95
http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/cultural/oldworld/africa/gerzean_culture.htm
http://www.crystalinks.com/wadjet.html

Wadjet was the cobra goddess of ancient Egypt twined around a papyrus stem. See the Encyclopaedia Britannica under "Buto".

As RHA points out, the area of connection of Lupus and Centaurus was known to the Arabs as Al Kadb al Karm, "the Vine Branch", i.e. the twine around a papyrus stem.

RHA notes that this stellar area was also called Al Wazn "weight" in Arabic, surely related to the "ground and weight" (Hadar and Wazn) of ancient stars in this region.

I think that stars in this region were originally arranged in the form of the net of the fisherman at Lupus and Centaurus according to my decipherment of the megaliths of Scotland at
http://www.megaliths.net/scotland.htm

This stellar net explains the use of "ground and weight", as used in net construction.

These are comparable to the Ancient Egyptian cities of Pe and Dep, the semi-mythical Predynastic capitals of Lower Egypt at Buto, which we now can see marked the stars above and below the ecliptic. The Pyramid Texts state that Pe marks kings of "Lower Egypt" whereas Dep
marks the serpent (above the ecliptic, i.e. "Upper Egypt").

The use of the serpent rather than the bull came from using Serpens Caput above the ecliptic rather than Lupus and Centaur below it for this stellar position.

The Muu dancers (see http://www.egyptology.com/reeder/muu/) show Dep as wearing a crown (above the ecliptic) and Pe as wearing none. DEP will be Indo-European, e.g. Latvian DEB-ess "heaven". [PE will be Indo,European, e.g. Latvian UPE "river", here, of the underworld"]

We now know from the above analysis that not only the nomes but also the capital city of each nome were hermetic, with the capital - in an astronomical context - presumably marking the lucida - the brightest star in each stellar region.

This area of the heavens marked the Autumn Equinox in ca. 3000 BC, where the ecliptic and the celestial equator met.

Buto has three mounds, but I do not know their shape, by which one should be able determine this astronomical location in the stars exactly in the predynastic megalithic period. Perhaps these oldest mounds marked the three front prominent stars of Scorpio, as at other megalithic sites.

More on Horvandillus - Confluence of Nordic Mythology with Early Pharaohs - LexiLine Journal 279

More on Horvandillus
[see the original posting at
http://lexiline.blogspot.com/2004/04/hor-vandillus-horvandillus-orendel.html]
can be found at the Northvegr Foundation [Rydberg's Teutonic Mythology] at
http://www.northvegr.org/lore/rydberg/118.php

"[* In Saxo Gervandillus (Geirvandill) is the father of Horvandillus (Örvandill). Örvandil has been proved to be identical with Egil. And as Egil is the son of Ivaldi, Geirvandil is identical with Ivaldi. ] "

If you compare the legends, there is in fact a confluence of Nordic mythology with the early pharaohs.

The Nordic mythology is much older than it is assumed by mainstream scholarship.

Atlantis Plato Solon Egyptian Priests - LexiLine Journal 278

I get questions about Atlantis now and then, which is not surprising.

More than 20,000 books have been written about Atlantis.

The original source for the tale of Atlantis is the ancient Greek writer Plato (born ca. 430 BC), who received his information from Solon (born ca. 630 BC), who allegedly obtained the story from Egyptian priests, a story which was allegedly found carved in the hieroglyphs on a gold pillar which we have yet to find.

See
http://snipurl.com/6t86
or
http://www.activemind.com/Mysterious/Topics/Atlantis/timaeus_and_critias.html

Since nothing has ever been found which fits Plato's descriptions accurately and in entirety, both the actual existence and possible location of Atlantis remain topics of interest.

In fact, I think everyone would be greatly disappointed if we ever did find an actual Atlantis - or if we ever did convincingly match the Atlantis story with known archaeological findings anywhere. Everyone is having too much fun looking for Atlantis. See e.g.

...the top 10 possible locations for Atlantis at
http://snipurl.com/6t8z
http://www.atlantisrising.com/issue9/ar9topten.html

See also...

http://snipurl.com/6t8o
http://www.pantheon.org/articles/a/atlantis.html

and

http://snipurl.com/6t8k or
http://www.crystalinks.com/atlantistheories.html

and you are on your way in the mystery.